1. You may need to download a Java plug-in to run FlapDesign in your web browser.

2. Once you run the program, you will see the FlapDesign interface. This consists of several boxes, where you can type in the dimensions of your flapping mechanism, and several control buttons. First, we'll look at the three buttons on the lower right.

3. These three buttons are built-in examples. When you click one of the buttons, the dimensions for the appropriate mechanism will be displayed in the boxes, and you will see a front view of the mechanism in the area below the interface. You can use the examples to familiarize yourself with the program before typing your own dimensions.

4. The examples represent three general types of ornithopter mechanisms. However, the dimensions were taken from actual designs. Below, I've described the three ornithopters and how their mechanisms differ.
   

			Phoenix - The Ornithopter Zone's Phoenix flapping-wing model kit. Here, the wings are hinged near the center of the ornithopter, and the connecting rods attach to the wings farther out from the center. (more info)
			Tim Bird - The classic flying bird toy from France. The wing hinge points are spaced apart from each other, and the connecting rods come up between the wing hinge points instead of on the outside. (more info)
			L'il Iggle - Lawrence Conover's classic design from May 1957 Model Airplane News. This ornithopter has a non-flapping portion in the center of the wing, and the levers that flap the two outer wing panels come down on either side of the crank.

5. If you click the "Animate" button, the crank will move through one full rotation. You can also reposition the crank by dragging your mouse. The color-coded numbers on the diagram reveal the angle of each wing and (in lighter colors) the angle between the connecting rod and the wing lever.

1. You can enter your own numbers in the fields at the top of the page. After each entry, click "Display mechanism" to show the changes.

• Crank 1 radius: This is the radius of the first crank arm.
• Crank 2 arm: If your design has a double crank, like Phoenix, this is the distance from the first crank arm to the second one. For single crank designs this is set to zero.
• Crank 1 angle: This is the position of the crank at any given moment. You can reposition the crank either by dragging it with your mouse or by changing this number.
• Crank 2 bend angle: This is the angle to the second crank arm.
• Width: The distance between wing hinge points.
• Height: The vertical distance between the crank center of rotation and the wing hinge points.
• Lever: The distance between the wing hinge point and the connecting rod attachment point.
• Spar offset: The angle between the wing spar and the lever that flaps the wing. Changing this does not affect the operation of the mechanism but it directly affects the wing postion.
• Conrod: The length of the connecting rod.

  

2. Some dimensions may require a negative sign. Load the appropriate sample mechanism to see how to set up the particular type of mechanism you want to study.

3. If the connecting rods are too short or too long, the mechanism may not fit together properly. The program cannot correctly render such mechanisms. To avoid mechanical problems in real mechanisms, try to keep the connecting rod angles between 30 and 150 degrees.

4. Change the scale setting if you want to work in centimeters or if your mechanism won't fit in the display window. When set to "inches 100%", the actual scale is 72 pixels per inch, which may not be actual size on your particular monitor. Using a graphics editing program, you can print screen snapshots at 72 pixels per inch for an actual size representation of your mechanism.

5. The "Plot" button is useful if you want to look at timing differences between the two wings. If the wing plots are close together, the flapping motion will be symmetrical. The graph of connecting rod angle shows how the mechanical advantage varies throughout the stroke.

6. Biplane and tandem ornithopters are not supported. You'll have to model the upper and lower wings separately. Use a graphics editing program to superimpose the wing angle plots.